| Article 24 |
（Items to be specified on bills of exchange）
A bill of exchange shall specify the following particulars and be signed by the drawer:
1. Words expressing it to be a bill of exchange.
2. A sum certain in money.
3. Personal or business name of the drawee.
4. Personal or business name of the payee.
5. An unconditional order to pay.
6. Place where it is drawn.
7. Date of drawing.
8. Place of payment.
9. Date of maturity.
If a bill does not specify the date of maturity, it is deemed to be payable at sight.
If a bill does not specify the drawee, the drawer shall be drawee.
If a bill does not specify the payee, the holder shall be the payee.
If a bill does not specify the place where it is drawn, the place of business, domicile or residence of the drawer shall be that place.
If a bill does not specify the place of payment, the drawee's place of business, domicile or residence shall be that place. |
| Article 25 |
（Change of bill drawee）
The drawer may make himself or the drawee the payee, and may also make himself the drawee.
The holder of a bill that does not specify the payee may specify himself or any other person as the payee in the margin of the bill payable to bearer, thereby altering it to a bill payable to order. |
| Article 26 |
（Paying agent and preparatory payer）
The drawer may designate and specify in the bill, in addition to the drawee, a person as the drawee's paying agent.
The drawer may also designate and specify in the bill, in addition to the drawee, a person at the place of payment as referee in case of need. |
| Article 27 |
（Payment site）
The drawer may specify in the bill the detailed address where the payment is to be made at the place of payment. |
| Article 28 |
（Interest and interest rate）
The drawer may make a statement in the bill to the effect that interest will be paid on the amount of the bill at a specified rate.
If an interest rate is not specified, it shall be fixed at 6 percent per annum.
Except as otherwise agreed upon between the parties, interest shall accrue from the date of drawing. |
| Article 29 |
（Responsibilities of the issuer）
The drawer shall guarantee the acceptance and payment of the bill according to its tenor. The drawer may, however, by special agreement be exempted from the liability for guaranteeing the acceptance of the bill.
The special agreement referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be expressly specified in the bill.
If a bill contains a statement exempting the drawer from the liability for guaranteeing the payment, the statement shall be void. |
| Article 30 |
（Assignment and method and prohibition on assignments）
A bill is negotiated by endorsement and delivery. A bill payable to bearer may be negotiated merely by delivery.
A bill payable to order is non-negotiable if the drawer makes on the bill an express statement to that effect.
If an endorser inserts a statement on a bill making it non-negotiable, the bill may still be negotiated by endorsement. However, the person imposing the restriction on negotiation is not liable to those who acquire the bill through endorsement after the restriction is placed. |
| Article 31 |
（Location and type of endorsement）
An endorsement shall be made by the endorser on the back of the bill or on an allonge annexed to the bill.
A special endorsement is an endorsement in which the endorser specifies the name of the endorsee and signs on the bill.
A blank endorsement is an endorsement in which the endorser does not specify the name of the endorsee but only signs on the bill.
The endorser may specify the year, month, and date of endorsement for either of the endorsements referred to in the preceding two paragraphs. |
| Article 32 |
（Method of transfer of blank endorsement bill）
A bill endorsed in blank may be negotiated by delivery.
The bill referred to in the preceding paragraph may also be negotiated by blank endorsement or special endorsement. |
| Article 33 |
（Method of transfer of blank endorsement bill）
A holder of a bill of which the last endorsement is a blank endorsement may alter the blank endorsement into a special endorsement by specifying himself or another person as endorsee in the appropriate blank space before negotiating the bill. |
| Article 34 |
（Return endorsement）
A bill may be negotiated to the drawer, the acceptor, the drawee, or any other person liable on the bill.
A transferee referred to in the preceding paragraph may further negotiate the bill before its date of maturity. |
| Article 35 |
（Preparatory payer）
An endorser may specify on the bill the name of a person other than himself at the place of payment as referee in case of need. |
| Article 36 |
（Partial endorsement, separate transfer endorsement, conditional endorsement）
An endorsement that purports to transfer to the endorsee only a part of the amount payable by the bill, or that purports to transfer the amount payable by the bill to two or more endorsees severally, does not operate as a negotiation of the bill. If an endorsement is made subject to a certain condition or conditions, the conditions are deemed not to exist. |
| Article 37 |
（Continuous endorsement and canceled endorsement）
The holder shall prove his rights on the bill by evidence of consecutive endorsements. If, however, there exists, among the endorsements, a blank endorsement, the endorser next in sequence is deemed to be the endorsee of the immediate preceding blank endorsement.
An endorsement struck out that does not affect the sequence of the endorsements is deemed not to exist insofar as concerns the sequence of the endorsements.
An endorsement struck out that affects the sequence of the endorsements is deemed to be not struck out insofar as concerns the sequence of the endorsements. |
| Article 38 |
（Deliberate cancellation of endorsement）
If the holder intentionally strikes out an endorsement, the endorser whose endorsement is struck out and those endorsers whose names appear next in sequence after the endorser but who made their endorsements before the intentional striking out are all exempted from their liabilities thereon. |
| Article 39 |
（Responsibilities of the endorser）
The provisions of Article 29 shall apply mutatis mutandis to an endorser. |
| Article 40 |
（Withdrawal endorsement mandate）
If the holder makes an endorsement for the purpose of authorizing the endorsee to receive payment by mandate, he shall note the fact on the bill.
The endorsee referred to in the preceding paragraph may exercise all rights in the bill, and may further endorse it for the same purpose.
The rights exercisable by a subsequent endorsee are the same as the first endorsee.
A person liable on a bill may raise against a mandatary only the defenses as would be available to the person against the principal. |
| Article 41 |
（Endorsement on overdue bill）
An endorsement made after the maturity of a bill has only the effect of normal credit transfer.
An endorsement without a date specified is presumed to have been made before maturity. |
| Article 42 |
（Notification for the acceptance period）
The holder of a bill may, before the date of maturity, present it to the drawee for acceptance. |
| Article 43 |
（Format of acceptance）
An acceptance shall be signified by inserting on the face of the bill the word "Accepted" and signed by the drawee. If the drawee merely signs his name on the bill, it is deemed to be an acceptance. |
| Article 44 |
（Designated and prohibited acceptance period）
Except for a bill payable at sight, the drawer or an endorser may specify on a bill that the bill is required to be presented for acceptance, and may additionally set a time limit for the presentment.
The drawer may make a statement on the bill to preclude making presentment for acceptance before a certain date.
The time limit set by an endorser for presentment for acceptance may not fall within, or run parallel with, the period specified by the drawer precluding presentment for acceptance. |
| Article 45 |
（Legal acceptance period）
A bill payable at a fixed period after sight shall be presented for acceptance within 6 months from the date of drawing.
The time limit referred to in the preceding paragraph may be shortened or extended by the drawer, as he sees fit, by a special agreement. But the extension in any case may not be longer than 6 months. |
| Article 46 |
（Acceptance date）
If a bill is drawn payable at a fixed period after sight or if it specifies a time limit for presentment for acceptance, the drawee, on accepting the bill, shall insert the date of acceptance.
The acceptance remains effective if the date of acceptance is not specified on the bill, but the holder may request for issuance of a protest to certify the date of acceptance. In the absence of protest, the last day of the period set forth in the preceding article or of the time limit specified by the drawer for acceptance shall be the date of acceptance. |
| Article 47 |
（Partial acceptance, conditional acceptance）
When a bill is presented for acceptance, the drawee may, with the consent of the holder, accept to pay a part of the amount payable by the bill. The holder, however, shall give notice of this fact to any party prior to him.
A conditional acceptance is deemed to be a dishonor by non-acceptance, but the acceptor shall remain liable on the bill pursuant to the terms and conditions of his acceptance. |
| Article 48 |
（Acceptance period extension）
When a bill is presented for acceptance, the drawee may, if necessary, request the holder to agree to a deferment of the presentment, but the deferment shall not be more than 3 days. |
| Article 49 |
（Designation, cancellation, and modification of the paying agent）
The drawee may designate a paying agent at the time of acceptance.
The drawee may, at the time of acceptance, strike out or alter the paying agent designated by the drawer. |
| Article 50 |
（Payment site）
The drawee may, at the time of acceptance, specify on the bill the detailed address where the payment is to be made at the place of payment. |
| Article 51 |
（Withdrawal of acceptance）
Before delivery of a bill to the holder, the drawee may revoke his acceptance, even if the drawee has already accepted the bill and placed his signature on it. But this provision shall not apply if the acceptance has been communicated in writing to the holder or any other signatory to the bill. |
| Article 52 |
（Validity of acceptance）
The drawee, after accepting a bill, shall be liable to make payment of the bill accordingly.
If an acceptor defaults at the maturity of the bill, the holder, even when he is concurrently the drawer of the bill, may claim directly against the acceptor payment of the sums of money set out in Articles 97 and 98. |
| Article 53 |
（Period and persons for acceptance for honor requests）
When a referee in case of need is designated on a bill, if the holder is entitled to exercise his right of recourse before the date of maturity, he may request the referee in case of need to intervene and accept the bill for honor.
Any person, except for a referee in case of need or a person already liable on the bill, may, with the consent of the holder, intervene and accept it for the honor of any of the persons liable on the bill. |
| Article 54 |
（Items to be specified for acceptance for honor）
An acceptance for honor shall be entered on the face of the bill, stating the following items, and shall be signed by the acceptor for honor:
1. An expression of intent to intervene and accept.
2. Name of the party for whose honor the acceptance is made.
3. Year, month, and date.
If it is not expressly stated for whose honor the acceptance is made, it is deemed to be for the honor of the drawer.
When a referee in case of need intervenes and accepts a bill, the acceptance shall be for the honor of the person who designated the referee in case of need. |
| Article 55 |
（Effects of participation in the delivery of notices or negligence in the delivery of notices）
If an acceptor for honor intervenes without a prior procuration from the party for whose honor the acceptance is made, he shall notify the person of the fact within 4 days after the intervention.
In case the acceptor for honor fails to give the notice referred to in the preceding paragraph, he shall be liable for damages. |
| Article 56 |
（Validity of acceptance for honor）
After having assented to an acceptance for honor, the holder may not exercise his right of recourse before the maturity of the bill.
After an acceptance for honor, the party for whose honor the acceptance is made and any party prior to him may still make payment to the holder of the sums of money set out in Article 97 and request the holder to surrender the bill and the protest. |
| Article 57 |
（Responsibilities of acceptors for honor）
If the drawee or his paying agent fails to make payment within the time limit set forth in Articles 69 and 70, the liability to pay the sums of money set out in Article 97 shall then fall upon the acceptor for honor. |
| Article 58 |
（Qualifications of the guarantor）
A guarantor or guarantors may be provided to guarantee the liabilities on a bill.
Any person or persons, except for a person already liable on the bill, may become the guarantor or guarantors referred to in the preceding paragraph. |
| Article 59 |
（Format of the guarantee）
A guaranty shall be made in writing on the bill, or on a duplicate of the bill, stating the following items, and shall be signed by the guarantor or guarantors:
1. An expression of intent by the guarantor or guarantors to act as such.
2. Name of the person guaranteed.
3. Year, month, and date.
If a guaranty is undated, the date of drawing of the bill shall be the date of guaranty. |
| Article 60 |
（Determining the person guaranteed）
If a guaranty dose not specify the person guaranteed, it is deemed to be made for the acceptor, or, if the bill is not yet accepted, for the drawer. But this provision shall not apply if the identity of the person guaranteed may reasonably be presumed or ascertained. |
| Article 61 |
（Duties of the guarantor）
A guarantor shall assume the same liabilities as the person guaranteed.
Even if the liabilities contracted by the person guaranteed are void, the guarantor shall remain liable for the obligations arising from the guaranty. But this provision shall not apply if the liabilities of the person guaranteed are void by reason of a certain defect or defects in form. |
| Article 62 |
（Obligations for joint guarantees）
When two or more persons act as guarantors together, they are jointly and severally liable. |
| Article 63 |
（Partial guarantee）
A guaranty may be made to guarantee only a part of the amount payable by the bill. |
| Article 64 |
（Rights of the guarantor）
After discharge of the liabilities on the bill by payment, the guarantor is subrogated for and succeeds to the right of recourse of the holder against the acceptor, the person guaranteed, and any party prior thereto. |
| Article 69 |
（Notification for the payment period and recipients）
The holder of a bill shall present it for payment on the date of maturity or within 2 days after the maturity.
If a bill contains a paying agent for the drawee, it shall be presented to the agent for payment.
A presentment of a bill to a clearing house for exchange shall be as effectual and valid as a presentment for payment. |
| Article 70 |
（Payment date）
Payment of a bill may be deferred with the consent of the holder, but the deferment shall not exceed 3 days after the presentment. |
| Article 71 |
（Payer's review responsibilities）
A drawee that makes payment against a bill not consecutively endorsed does so at his own peril.
Unless there is bad faith or gross negligence on his part, the drawee assumes no responsibility for verifying the authenticity of the signature accompanying an endorsement and the capacity of the holder as an obligee of the bill. |
| Article 72 |
（Anticipated payment）
The holder may refuse to receive payment of the bill before the date of maturity.
The drawee that makes payment before the date of maturity does so at his own peril. |
| Article 73 |
（Partial payment）
The holder may not refuse to receive a partial payment of the bill. |
| Article 74 |
（Return of bills of exchange）
When making payment, the drawee may request the holder to write the word "Received" on the bill, to be evidenced by the holder's signature, and to surrender the bill.
If the drawee makes only a partial payment, he may request the holder to write on the bill the amount received and issue a separate receipt. |
| Article 75 |
（Payment currency）
If the amount of a bill is expressed in a currency not in general circulation at the place of payment, the payment may be made in the currency in general circulation there at the exchange rate on the day of payment. But this provision shall not apply if there is a special agreement to the contrary.
If the amount of a bill is expressed in a currency that is in circulation at both the place where the bill is drawn and the place of payment in identical name but with different values, the currency at the place of payment is presumed to be the one adopted. |
| Article 76 |
（Withdrawal and deposit of the amount of bills of exchange）
If the holder fails to present the bill for payment within the time limit set forth in Article 69, the person liable on the bill may deposit the amount of the bill in accordance with law, and any expense thereby incurred shall be borne by the holder. |
| Article 77 |
（Amount of payment for honor）
Payment for honor shall be made during the time when the holder is entitled to exercise his right of recourse, but it shall not be made later than the last day of the time limit for making of a protest. |
| Article 78 |
（Effect of payer for honor and refusal of payment for honor）
Any person may intervene and make payment for honor.
If the holder refuses to receive payment for honor, he loses his right of recourse against the party for whose honor the payment is made and all parties subsequent to the person. |
| Article 79 |
（Reminder for payment for honor）
When the drawee or his paying agent fails to make payment within the time limits set forth in Articles 69 and 70, the holder shall present the bill to the acceptor for honor for payment if one is available. If there is no acceptor for honor but a referee in case of need is specified on the bill, the holder shall present the bill to the referee in case of need for payment.
If the acceptor for honor or the referee in case of need fails to discharge the bill by payment upon presentment, the holder shall request the agency making the protest to note this fact on the protest.
If the holder fails to comply with any of the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, he loses his right of recourse against the party for whose honor the payment is made, the person who designated the referee in case of need, and all parties subsequent to them. |
| Article 80 |
（Prioritized participants）
If two or more persons offer to intervene and pay a bill for the honor of different parties, the person whose payment will discharge most parties to the bill has the preference.
If a person offering to intervene and pay a bill for honor intentionally violates the provision of the preceding paragraph, he loses his right of recourse against any party or parties to the bill whose liabilities would have been discharged but for his intervention.
If there are two or more persons whose payment will discharge most parties to the bill, the person authorized by the party for whose honor the payment is to be made or the referee in case of need shall be accepted as the payer for honor. |
| Article 81 |
（Amount of payment for honor）
Payment for honor shall be made of the entire amount payable by the party for whose honor the payment is made. |
| Article 82 |
（Procedures for payment for honor）
When a payment for honor is made, it shall be duly recorded in the protest.
If payment is made by the acceptor for honor, the payment is for the honor of the party for whose honor he has accepted the bill. If payment is made by the referee in case of need, the payment is for the honor of the party who designated him.
If there is neither an acceptor for honor nor referee in case of need and the bill does not indicate the party for whose honor the payment is made, the drawer shall be the party for whose honor the payment is made.
The provisions of Article 55 shall apply mutatis mutandis to payment for honor. |
| Article 83 |
（Return of bills of exchange）
Upon payment for honor, the holder shall surrender the bill, together with a voucher for the payment received, to the payer for honor. If a protest has been made, the protest shall be surrendered at the same time.
If the holder fails to comply with the provision of the preceding paragraph, he shall be liable for damages to the payer for honor. |
| Article 84 |
（Validity of payment for honor）
The payer for honor is subrogated for and succeeds to all the rights of the holder against the acceptor, the party for whose honor the payment is made, and any party prior to them. But the payer for honor may not further negotiate the bill by endorsement.
Any party subsequent to the party for whose honor the payment is made is discharged from his liabilities on the bill by virtue of the payment for honor. |
| Article 85 |
（Recourse upon maturity and premature recourse）
If a bill is dishonored by non-payment at its maturity, the holder, after performing all acts necessary to the exercise and preservation of his rights on the bill, is entitled to exercise his right of recourse against the endorser, the drawer, and any other person liable on the bill.
In any of the following situations the holder may exercise his right of recourse even before the maturity of the bill:
1. The bill is dishonored by non-acceptance.
2. Presentment for acceptance or payment is rendered impossible by death or absconding of the drawee or the acceptor, or by some other cause.
3. The drawee or the acceptor has been adjudicated bankrupt. |
| Article 86 |
（Formulation of the rejection certificate）
If the whole or a part of a bill is dishonored by non-acceptance or non-payment, or if presentment for acceptance or payment of the bill is rendered impossible, the holder shall apply for and cause a protest to be made to attest the fact.
If the drawee or the acceptor specifies on the bill of the date of presentment and his non-acceptance or non-payment of the whole or a part of the bill, as the case may be, the note, accompanied by his signature, has the same force and effect as a protest.
Bankruptcy of the drawee or the acceptor shall be proved by an authenticated or excerpted copy of the bankruptcy adjudication. |
| Article 87 |
（Deadline for formulating the rejection certificate）
A protest for non-acceptance shall be made within the time limit allowed for presentment for acceptance. |
| Article 88 |
（Effect of acceptance rejection certificate）
A protest for non-payment shall be made on the day payment is refused or within 5 days after the refusal of payment. However, if the holder assents to a request for deferment of payment, the protest shall be made on the last day of the deferment or within 5 days thereafter.
After a protest for non-acceptance is made, neither presentment for payment nor protest for non-payment is necessary. |
| Article 89 |
（Notice for the reason of the rejection）
The holder shall notify the endorser or endorsers, the drawer, and all other persons liable on the bill of the dishonor within 4 days after the making of the protest.
If there is a waiver of protest by special agreement, the holder shall give the notice referred to in the preceding paragraph within 4 days after dishonor by non-acceptance or non-payment.
An endorser shall in turn notify the party prior to him within 4 days after receiving the notice referred to in the preceding paragraph.
If the address of an endorser's domicile is not indicated on the bill, or if, albeit indicated, it is not clearly written and therefore indiscernible, the notice intended for the endorser shall be addressed to the party prior to him. |
| Article 90 |
（Exemption of the obligation for providing notifications）
The drawer, any endorser, or any other person liable on the bill may exempt the holder from his obligation of giving notice of dishonor before the expiration of the time limit for notice set forth in Article 89. |
| Article 91 |
（Method of notification）
Notice of dishonor may be given by any means of communication, but the person who asserts that he has given notice within the time limit set forth in Article 89 shall bear the burden of proof.
When notice is sent by post, if the address of the domicile of the person to be notified is correctly specified on the envelope, notice is deemed to have been given. |
| Article 92 |
（Remedial measures for error in notice attributable to force majeure factors）
If a person is prevented from sending notice within the time limit set forth in Article 89 by circumstances beyond his control, he shall send it within 4 days after the extraordinary circumstance causing the delay ceases to exist.
If the person proves that he has sent notice within the time limit set forth in Article 89, he is considered to have complied with the time limit for notice. |
| Article 93 |
（Effects of negligence in the delivery of notices）
If a person fails to give notice within the time limit set forth in Article 89, he may still exercise his right of recourse except that he shall be liable for damages in case any damage arises from his failure to give notice. The amount of damages, however, may not in any case exceed the amount payable by the bill. |
| Article 94 |
（Exemption for the formulation of the rejection certificate）
The drawer or an endorser of a bill may insert in the bill a waiver of protest.
If the drawer makes the insertion referred to in the preceding paragraph, the holder may, in case of dishonor, exercise his right of recourse without first applying for a protest. If, however, the holder still applies for a protest, he shall himself bear any expense thereby incurred.
If an endorser makes the insertion referred to in paragraph 1, the insertion is operative insofar as concerns that endorser only. If the holder chooses to have a protest made, he may claim against other signatories to the bill reimbursement of the expense thereby incurred. |
| Article 95 |
（Obligations for providing notifications）
In spite of the waiver of protest inserted in a bill, the holder shall still present the bill for acceptance or payment within the prescribed time limit. If, however, it is contended that the holder has not presented the bill for acceptance or payment, the person making the contention shall bear the burden of proof. |
| Article 96 |
（Responsibilities of the bill debtor）
The drawer, the acceptor, the endorser or endorsers, and all other persons liable on a bill are jointly and severally liable to the holder.
The holder may exercise his right of recourse against any or several or all of the persons liable on the bill, as referred to in the preceding paragraph, irrespective of order of liability.
If the holder has exercised his right of recourse against one or several of the persons liable on the bill, he may still exercise his right of recourse against any remaining person or persons liable on the bill.
If a person against whom the holder exercised his right of recourse has discharged his liabilities by payment, he then acquires the same rights as the holder. |
| Article 97 |
（Entitled recourse amount）
When exercising his right of recourse against any person liable on a bill, the holder is entitled to claim the following sums of money:
1. The amount payable by the bill dishonored by non-acceptance or non-payment and the interest thereon, if any has been agreed upon.
2. Interest computed at the rate of 6 percent per annum from the date of maturity, if no interest rate has been agreed upon.
3. Expenses incurred in making protest and giving notice of dishonor and other necessary expenses.
If payment is made before the date of maturity, interest from the date of payment to the date of maturity shall be deducted from the amount payable by the bill. In the absence of an agreed rate, interest shall be computed at the rate of 6 percent per annum. |
| Article 98 |
（Recourse amount）
A person who discharges his liabilities on a bill by payment in accordance with Article 97 is entitled to claim against the acceptor or any party prior to him the following sums of money:
1. The total amount paid under the bill.
2. Interest on the amount referred to in the preceding subparagraph.
3. Necessary expenses incurred in connection with the discharge.
If the drawer discharges his liabilities by payment in accordance with Article 97, he is entitled to claim against the acceptor the sums of money as specified in the preceding paragraph. |
| Article 99 |
（Recourse for return endorsement bill）
If the holder is concurrently the drawer, he has no right of recourse against any party prior to him.
If the holder is concurrently the endorser, he has no right of recourse against any party subsequent to his endorsement. |
| Article 100 |
（Rights of the person against whom the holder exercised the right of recourse）
When a person liable on a bill discharges his liabilities by payment, the holder shall surrender the bill and the protest, if any.
When a person liable on the bill discharges his liabilities by payment as set forth in the preceding paragraph, the holder shall issue and deliver a receipt and a statement of interest and expenses paid, if any.
When an endorser discharges his liabilities on a bill by payment, he may strike out his own endorsement and those of parties subsequent to him. |
| Article 101 |
（Recourse for partial acceptance）
If a part of the amount of a bill is accepted, the person who discharges the unaccepted part of the bill by payment may require the holder to note the fact on the bill, and to issue and deliver a receipt for his payment separately together with a duplicate of the bill and the protest. |
| Article 102 |
（Recourse for the issuance of return endorsement bill）
A party to a bill who has the right of recourse may issue and draw on the drawer, one of the prior endorsers, or any other person liable on the bill, a demand bill payable at the place where such person is domiciled. But this provision shall not apply if there exists an agreement to the contrary.
The amount of the bill drawn pursuant to the preceding paragraph may, in addition to the sums specified in Articles 97 and 98, include a commission charge and stamp duty. |
| Article 103 |
（Decision on the amount of the return endorsement bill）
When the holder draws a bill pursuant to Article 102, the amount of the bill shall be determined in accordance with the market value of a demand bill drawn at the place of payment of the original bill and payable by remittance at the place where the party prior to him is located.
When an endorser draws a bill pursuant to Article 102, the amount of the bill shall be determined in accordance with the market value of a demand bill drawn at the place where the endorser is located and payable by remittance at the place where the party prior to him is located.
The market value referred to in the preceding two paragraphs shall be the market value prevailing on the day of drawing. |
| Article 104 |
（Loss of right to recourse）
If the holder fails to perform the acts necessary to the exercise and preservation of his rights in the bill within the time limits set forth in this Act, he shall lose his right of recourse against all parties prior to him.
If the holder fails to perform the acts referred to in the preceding paragraph within an agreed time limit, he shall lose his right of recourse against the party prior with whom he made the agreement. |
| Article 105 |
（Response for force majeure incidents）
If the holder is prevented from making presentment for acceptance or payment within the prescribed time limit by circumstances beyond his control, he shall give immediate notice of the fact to the drawer, the endorser or endorsers, and all other persons liable on the bill.
The provisions of Articles 89 to 93 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the notice referred to in the preceding paragraph.
The holder shall present the bill to the drawee as soon as the extraordinary circumstance causing the delay ceases to exist.
If the extraordinary circumstance extends over 30 days after the date of maturity, the holder may exercise his right of recourse forthwith without being required to make presentment or protest.
If a bill is payable at sight or at a fixed period after sight, the 30-day time limit referred to in the preceding paragraph shall begin to run from the day the holder gives notice to the party prior to him. |
| Article 106 |
（Institution responsible for the formulation of the rejection certificate）
A protest shall be made, on the application of the holder, by the notary public office of the district court, the chamber of commerce, or the bankers association of the place where the bill was dishonored by non-acceptance or non-payment. |
| Article 107 |
（Items to be specified）
A protest shall contain the following particulars and shall be signed by the person making it and affixed with the official seal of the agency where it is made:
1. Personal or business names of both the person protested against and the person protesting.
2. A statement to the effect that the bill, upon presentment, was dishonored by the person protested against, or that he could not be met, or that his place of business, domicile, or residence is unknown.
3. The place and the year, month, date of the presentment referred to in the preceding subparagraph was made or could not be effected.
4. A declaration of mutual assent between the parties if the protest is made at a place other than that sanctioned by law.
5. If there is acceptance or payment for honor, its nature and the personal or business names of the acceptor for honor or the payer for honor, and of the person or parties for whose honor the acceptance or payment is made.
6. Place and date of the protest. |
| Article 108 |
（Production of payment refusal certificate）
A protest shall be made on the bill or on an allonge annexed to it.
If the bill is drawn in a set or in duplicates, the protest has only to be made, upon presentment of the bill, on one part of the set, or on the original bill, or on the allonge annexed to the bill, if any. However, whenever possible, the fact of protest shall be noted on every other part of the set, or on each of the duplicates. |
| Article 109 |
（Production of other refusal certificates）
A protest, except for non-payment, shall be made on a transcript of the original bill or one of its duplicates, or on the allonge annexed thereto, if any. |
| Article 110 |
（Registered location of the certificate when the return of the original copy is rejected）
If the holder presents the original bill for acceptance or payment and it is not returned after dishonor, the protest shall be made on one of the duplicates or on the allonge annexed thereto, if any. |
| Article 111 |
（Specified position）
A protest shall be made in such a way as to follow immediately the last entry already on the bill, or on a part of it if it be drawn in a set, or on one of its duplicates.
If the protest is made on the allonge, the person making it shall sign across the abutting edges. |
| Article 112 |
（Number of copies）
When the right of recourse is exercised against several persons jointly liable on a bill, only one protest is required to be made against them all. |
| Article 113 |
（Copy）
The maker of a protest shall deliver up the original copy of the protest to the holder, and shall also make a transcript of the full text of the protest to be kept at his place of business for use in case the original copy is destroyed or lost.
A transcript of a protest has the same force and effect as the original. |